Comparison

Both English-speaking with one-year master's and two-year stay-back. The UK has far more universities, and rents outside London are lower than Dublin's; Ireland has EU membership and a concentrated tech and pharma job market. Ireland's proof-of-funds is lower; the UK's visa is faster.

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The UK is faster (one-year master's, three-week visa) and cheaper for a master's. Canada offers a longer work permit and a clearer route to permanent residence, but study permits are capped and two-year programmes cost more in living expenses.

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Australia's work rights are more generous (48 hours a fortnight, 2 to 3 year graduate visa) and the climate is warmer; costs are higher, the visa charge is A$2,000, and master's take two years. The UK is cheaper and faster.

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Canada is cheaper, safer on immigration and has the PGWP; the US has more universities, more funding through assistantships, and higher graduate salaries but a harder work-visa lottery.

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Germany is far cheaper (no tuition at public universities) but needs a blocked account and benefits from German language. The Netherlands charges €8,000 to €22,000 but everything runs in English and the Orientation Year is simple. Housing is difficult in both.

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